The territory on which the city of Sharypovo is located today has a long and distinctive history. Archaeological excavations confirmed the theory previously expressed by scientists that, starting from the Neolithic era, this region was the direct contact zone of a number of ethnoculture groups of Southern Siberia: Okunev, Andronovo, Karasuk, Tagar and others. Today, in the Sharypovsky district, more than 130 archaeological monuments have been explored and mapped - from burial grounds, burial mounds, rock carvings to sanctuaries and ore smelters.
The history of the village of Sharypovskoye itself, from which the modern city originates, began in the first half of the 18th century, when, as a result of the development of Siberia, Russians began to settle in these areas. From sources found by local historians, it is known that in 1829 in the village of Sharypovskoye there were 38 households, in which 294 people lived. When a stream of immigrants poured from the European part of Russia to Siberia, the population of the village began to increase rapidly. Since 1891, as the largest of the neighboring villages, Sharypovskoye has become the center of the volost. Fairs were regularly held here: winter and summer, spring and autumn. In 1885, a school was opened in the village, in 1902 a public bank was formed, and in 1909 a rural bank was opened, a hospital and an almshouse were opened. By 1907, 1,687 people lived in Sharypovsky, and by 1911 - 2,179 people.
In 1941, the village of Sharypovskoye became the regional center of the Khakass Autonomous Region (it was part of Khakassia until 1948). In Sharypovsky, authorities and management bodies of a small rural district are organized. During the reign of N.S. Khrushchev, the village was included in the Uzhursky district.
The city received a gigantic boost in development with the beginning of industrial development of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the 1970s. Geological exploration showed that the territory of the Sharypovsky district and the village of Sharypovskoye is located in the center of one of the country's largest brown coal deposits, which passes into the Irkutsk region in the east, and into the Kemerovo region in the west. The coal lies at a depth of only a few meters, is accessible for open-pit mining, and the thickness of its layer reaches 60 m. To develop these deposits, the USSR Government developed a project for the construction of a complex of several coal mines and thermal power plants. The project was called the Kansk-Achinsk Fuel and Energy Complex (KATEK). The first objects of KATEK were the Berezovsky-1 open-pit mine and the Berezovskaya State District Power Plant. They began to be built near the village of Sharypovo, and on July 31, 1981, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the village was transformed into the city of Sharypovo. Gradually, an urban infrastructure began to take shape, including satellite villages - Goryachegorsk and Dubinino.
Since 1979, KATEK has been declared the All-Union Komsomol shock construction project. In total, from 1980 to 1985, more than 12 thousand young people from all over the Soviet Union worked in Sharypovo.
Simultaneously with the construction of KATEK, housing was actively built in Sharypovo: in 1981-1985. Three microdistricts with schools, kindergartens, and shops appeared in the city. The city's population increased from 20 to 55 thousand, and later to 60 thousand people.
From 1984 to 1988, the city changed its name: after the death of the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee K. U. Chernenko, the city was named after him. However, later, at the request of residents, the city was returned to its previous name.
In December 1987, the first batch of coal was shipped from the Berezovsky open-pit mine to the Berezovskaya GRES, and the first power unit of the Berezovskaya GRES began supplying electricity to the network. In April 1991, the second power unit of the power plant was launched.
Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich was born September 11 (24), 1911 in a family of peasants in Siberia, in the village of Bolshaya Tes, Minusinsk district, Yenisei province. His ancestors were Little Russians (Ukrainians), who settled on the banks of the Yenisei at the end of the 18th century. In 1926, Konstantin Chernenko joined the Komsomol. After completing his candidate's experience, he joined the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1931 while serving in the Red Army on the border with China. In 1933–1941 he headed the propaganda and agitation department at the Novoselkovsky and Uyarsky district party committees of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In 1941–1943 Chernenko held the position Secretary of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Party Committee, but then left this post to receive an education at the Higher School of Party Organizers under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in Moscow (1943–1945). Upon graduation, he was sent to Penza as secretary of the local regional committee (1945–1948). Chernenko continued his career in Moldova becoming Head of the Department of Propaganda and Agitation of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Moldova(1948–1956). At this time, he met L. I. Brezhnev, who later (1956) transferred Chernenko to Moscow Head of the Mass Agitation Sector under the Department of Propaganda and Agitation of the CPSU Central Committee. From May 1960 to July 1965, Chernenko was the head of the Secretariat of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, whose chairman in 1960–1964 was Brezhnev.
When Brezhnev took over the party leadership, Chernenko was appointed Head of the General Department of the CPSU Central Committee(July 1965 – November 1982). Elected as a candidate member of the Central Committee (1966–1971) at the XXIII Party Congress, Chernenko was already XXIV Congress becomes member of the Central Committee(1971–1985). Elected in 1976 Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee(March 5, 1976 – February 13, 1984), and then became part of candidates for Politburo membership(October 3, 1977 – November 27, 1978). His promotion to Politburo members(November 27, 1978 – March 10, 1985). Chernenko was considered a close ally and promoter of Brezhnev, but after the death of the latter he could not find sufficient support among factions in the party leadership to take the post of General Secretary, which eventually went to Yu. V. Andropov, elected by the Plenum of the Central Committee on November 12, 1982.
Andropov's reforms, aimed at combating corruption and reducing privileges in the highest spheres of the party apparatus, caused a negative reaction from party officials. In an attempt to resuscitate the Brezhnev era, the aging Politburo, whose seven members died in old age between 1982 and 1984, leaned toward the candidacy of K. U. Chernenko who was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee February 13, 1984 after Andropov's death. April 11, 1984. Chernenko was also elected Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, but rapidly deteriorating health did not allow him to exercise real control of the country. His frequent absences due to illness led to the conclusion that his election to senior party and government positions was only a temporary measure. Died March 10, 1985 in Moscow. He became the last one buried at the Kremlin wall.
Events during Chernenko's reign:
- 1984 - restoration of V. M. Molotov to the party.
- 1984 - Knowledge Day was introduced - September 1.
- 1984 - retaliatory boycott of the Olympic Games in Los Angeles.
- 1985 - Chernenko dies, having been at the head of the party and state for just over a year.
(and about.)
(and about.)
Andrey Andreevich Gromyko
| Member Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee | ||
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| November 27, 1978 - March 10, 1985 (candidate from October 1977 to November 27, 1978) |
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| Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee | ||
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| March 5, 1976 - February 13, 1984 | ||
village Big Tes , Minusinsk district , Yenisei province , Russian empire
Moscow , RSFSR , USSR
2) Anna Dmitrievna Chernenko (Lyubimova) (1913-2010)
son: Albert (1935-2009)
daughter: Lydia (?-?)
from 2nd marriage
daughters: Elena (?-?)
Faith (?-?)
son: Vladimir (1936-2006)
Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (11 September, village Big Tes , Minusinsk district , Yenisei province , Russian empire- March 10, 1985, Moscow , RSFSR , USSR) - Soviet party and statesman. General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee from February 13, 1984 to March 10, 1985, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from April 11, 1984 (deputy since 1966) to March 10, 1985. Member CPSU(b) since 1931, Central Committee of the CPSU- since 1971 (candidate since 1966), member Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee since 1978 (candidate since 1977). Head of the USSR from 1984 to 1985.
Parents and family
Father, Ustin Demidovich, was born in a Siberian village Big Tes Minusinsk district Yenisei province in 1911 in a family of peasants Ukrainian origin. He worked in the fields: first in copper mines, then in gold mines. His wife, Kharitina Dmitrievna, did the sowing work. After her death from typhus in 1919, Ustin married a second time. From his first marriage there were two daughters and two sons. The village of Bolshaya Tes, where they were born, was later flooded during the creation Krasnoyarsk reservoir in 1972, and its inhabitants were relocated to Novoselovo. K.W.'s mother Chernenko had Tofalar roots.
Chernenko's sister, Valentina, was born a little earlier than himself. She had a strong, authoritative character. Brother Nikolai served in the police in the Tomsk region; I wasn’t in the war. In the early 80s he worked as Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR (oversaw educational institutions). The other brother's name was Alexander.
Chernenko's first wife's name was Faina Vasilievna. The marriage with her did not work out, but they had a son Albert and daughter Lydia.
Son Albert was rector of Novosibirsk higher party school, then head of the department of history and political science Siberian State Transport University.
Second wife - since 1944 - Anna Dmitrievna (nee Lyubimova, 1913-2010). From her marriage there were children Vladimir, Vera and Elena.
Son Vladimir was an assistant to the chairman of the USSR State Cinema Committee, then a researcher at the State Film Fund.
Elena was born in Penza, graduated from the Pedagogical Institute, and in 1974 defended her PhD thesis in philosophy. Vera was also born in Penza; worked in Washington at the Soviet embassy.
In 2015, however, archival documents were published, according to which Konstantin Chernenko had not two wives, but much more, and he abandoned several of them with their children; this circumstance may have been the reason for the slowdown in Chernenko's career growth in the 1940s.
Biography
K. U. Chernenko in his youth
He graduated from a three-year school for rural youth, the Higher School of Party Organizers under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1945), (1953) - a history teacher.
In 1929-1931 - head of the agitation and propaganda department of the Novosyolovsky district committee Komsomol. In 1931-1933 he served in Kazakh ASSR(49th border detachment of the border outpost Khorgos Taldy-Kurgan region [ ]), where he participated in the liquidation of Bekmuratov’s gang. During his service he entered CPSU(b) and was elected secretary of the party organization of the border detachment.
In 1933-1941, head of the propaganda and agitation department of the Novoselovsky and Uyarsky district party committees of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, director of the Krasnoyarsk Regional House of Party Education. In 1941-1943 - Secretary of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In 1943-1945 he studied at the Higher School of Party Organizers under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In 1945-1948 - secretary Penza regional party committee. In March 1948, the secretariat of the Central Committee decided to transfer Chernenko to the central office in Moscow, but in the same month it was canceled due to his moral character (“lost for women”). Since 1948 - head of the department of propaganda and agitation of the Central Committee Communist Party of Moldova. It was here in the early 1950s that Chernenko met Brezhnev, at that time - first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Moldova. Business communication grew into a friendship that lasted until the end of life. Since 1950, Chernenko's career has been inextricably linked with Brezhnev's career.
In the Central Committee of the CPSU
Party card No. 00000033, 1973
From 1956 to May 1960 - head of the mass agitation sector in the department propaganda and agitation Central Committee of the CPSU. In 1960-1965 - head of the Secretariat of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (Chairman of the Presidium in 1960-1964 was L. I. Brezhnev). In 1965-1982 - head of the General Department of the CPSU Central Committee. Since March 1976 - Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Since October 1977 - a candidate member of the Politburo, and since November 1978 - a member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee.
Konstantin Ustinovich was an “organizer” of the highest class. All regional leaders sought to get an appointment with him. Because they knew: if they turned to Chernenko, the issue would be resolved, and the necessary documentation would quickly pass through all authorities.
K. U. Chernenko in 1976.
He was in charge of mail addressed to the Secretary General; wrote down preliminary answers. He prepared questions and selected materials for Politburo meetings. Chernenko was aware of everything that was happening in the highest echelon of the party. He could promptly tell Brezhnev about someone’s upcoming anniversary or about the next award. Often decisions came from Konstantin Ustinovich, but were announced on behalf of the Secretary General.
Over time, Chernenko became indispensable for Brezhnev. And I felt very comfortable in the supporting roles. Invitation to hunt in Zavidovo was a sign of special confidence of the Secretary General. Chernenko did not like hunting and caught a cold every time there.
Brezhnev especially appreciated Chernenko. He generously rewarded Konstantin Ustinovich, promoted him up the party ladder, and completely trusted him. Twice Chernenko accompanied Brezhnev on trips abroad: in 1975 - in Helsinki, where the international Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, and in 1979 - to negotiations in Vienna on disarmament issues.
Since the late 1970s, Chernenko began to be considered one of Brezhnev's possible successors, associated with conservative forces in his circle. By the time of Brezhnev’s death in 1982, he was considered (by both Western political scientists and senior party members) one of two, along with Andropov, contenders for full power; Andropov won. Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee after the death of Brezhnev, it recommended that Chernenko propose to the Plenum Central Committee of the CPSU Andropov's candidacy for the post of General Secretary. He did this on November 12, 1982, at the end of his speech at the Plenum (most of which was devoted to characterizing Brezhnev), emphasizing, at the same time, the need for collective leadership; After this, Andropov was unanimously elected Secretary General.
K. U. Chernenko in 1982.
In February 1982, the Politburo approved the awarding of the Lenin and State Prizes for “The History of Foreign Policy of the USSR, 1917-1980.” in two volumes, as well as for a multi-volume volume on international conferences during the Second World War. Among the laureates awarded the Lenin Prize was Chernenko.
In June 1983, Chernenko gave a keynote speech “Current issues of ideological and mass political work of the party.” In it, in particular, Konstantin Ustinovich criticized amateur pop groups with the repertoire “ of dubious quality", which " cause ideological and aesthetic damage" This report was the beginning of a large-scale crackdown on independent music artists in 1983-84, mainly against artists Russian rock. Performance at " apartment buildings"and similar amateur concerts were equated to illegal business activities that violated the company's monopoly State Concert, and was threatened with imprisonment.
The sudden illness and death of Andropov on February 9, 1984 and difficulties regarding the outcome of further internal party struggle made Chernenko the new head of the party and state.
Secretary General
On February 13, 1984, at the plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, K. U. Chernenko was unanimously elected General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. By this time, 72-year-old Chernenko was already very seriously ill and looked like an intermediate figure. In August 1983, while on vacation, Chernenko was seriously poisoned by smoked fish, which was sent to him by the USSR Minister of Internal Affairs Vitaly Fedorchuk, and therefore spent a significant part of his reign in Central Clinical Hospital, where sometimes even meetings were held Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. In the hospital (shortly before his death) he was given a certificate of election as a deputy Supreme Soviet of the USSR; this ceremony was shown on all-Union television.
Many modern historians and publicists believe that who headed in February 1984 after his death Andropova the party and the country, K. Chernenko curtailed the course of reforms begun by his predecessor, but many useful initiatives were not only continued, but also significantly expanded. This also applies to the fight against shadow economy, and the acceleration policy, and many other areas of reform of the previous months. He, in a somewhat modernized sound, begins to use a word that in a few years will become a symbol of, albeit a short, but entire historical era: “The country’s governance system, our entire economic mechanism, needs a serious restructuring. It includes a large-scale economic experiment to expand the rights and increase the responsibility of enterprises." In a speech in October (1984) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee K. U. Chernenko, speaking about the beginning of preparations for XXVII Congress of the CPSU, indicated that the party has identified the main ways to achieve new milestones in socio-economic development. This is the accelerated development of social production, the maximum use of intensive growth factors. The basis for this is scientific and technological progress, which makes it possible to accelerate the pace of development of the country's productive forces.
It should be noted that by this time certain crisis phenomena had emerged in the economic and social spheres of the country’s life. They consisted, first of all, in the contradictions of the planned nature of the economy. Government A. N. Kosygina, despite all the fruitful results of the 1965 reform, ceased to meet the challenges of the economic situation. Another big disadvantage of the Soviet economy was the low rate of implementation of the fruits of the scientific and technological revolution or, in modern language, the low degree of modernization of production. In particular, he stated this Konstantin Ustinovich in his address: “We absolutely need to ensure rapid and continuous renewal of all sectors of the national economy based on modern achievements of science and technology. This is one of our fundamental tasks. Without this, the progress of society is simply unthinkable.” It was under K.U. Chernenko that the question of introducing achievements into production was raised NTR. This is what he remembers E. K. Ligachev: “One way or another, under Brezhnev the Plenum of the Central Committee, dedicated to the issues of the scientific and technological revolution, never met. Only in 1984, already during the Chernenko period, the Politburo appointed such a Plenum.”
During Chernenko’s reign, several projects were undertaken that were never successful: the complete political rehabilitation of Stalin, school reform, strengthening the role of trade unions. Under him it was officially introduced as a holiday Day of Knowledge(September 1, 1984).
Since the fall of 1984, Soviet trade unions were allowed to challenge in the highest party and state authorities those decisions of the heads of enterprises, party and economic structures that actually violated labor legislation and hampered the development of economic initiative, labor productivity, and social security of workers.
In 1984, on behalf of K.U. Chernenko, work was carried out to prepare a comprehensive program of economic reforms, we emphasize, with an emphasis on the economic discussions of the last Stalinist five-year period and on the book summarizing those discussions Stalin "Economic problems of socialism in the USSR" (1952).
The authority of the new General Secretary was sanctified by the economic experiment to expand the rights of enterprises, begun under Andropov: enterprises of 21 ministries were transferred to new business conditions.
Under Chernenko, the idea was voiced about the need to increase the role of local Soviets, which reflected the course towards decentralization of political management and curbing departments.
For a time, the most important were the conversations about the new CPSU Program and the discussion about the “stage of development of society,” which it was now proposed to call developing socialism rather than developed. Chernenko believed that in this way work began that would give “powerful acceleration to the development of the national economy.”
At the same time, under Chernenko, a perestroika story by an anti-Stalinist was published Boris Vasiliev « Tomorrow there was a war » .
Under Chernenko, post-Brezhnev and post-Maoist détente began in relations with People's Republic of China, however, relations with USA remained extremely tense; in 1984 by the USSR, in response to the boycott 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow USA and its allies, boycotted Olympic Games in Los Angeles. During this period, the USSR was visited for the first time by the head Spanish state- king Juan Carlos I. New appointments in Politburo And Secretariat of the CPSU Central Committee did not happen under Chernenko, but was promoted to second place in the leadership instead of N.A. Tikhonov M. S. Gorbachev.
According to some allegations, in early 1985, a seriously ill Chernenko tried to leave his post, but did not receive consent.
Chernenko’s death ended a five-year period during which a significant part of Brezhnev’s Politburo passed away (“ era of lavish funerals"). He turned out to be the oldest Soviet leader ever to receive the post of General Secretary. He was elected his successor in this post the very next day after his death. Mikhail Gorbachev, representative of the next generation of the Politburo. However, in July 1985, he was elected Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council, contrary to the eight-year tradition of combining these posts. Andrey Gromyko, a former foreign minister who was even older than Chernenko.
Memory
Chernenko’s memory, according to established tradition, was immortalized, but in the USSR this was the last example of this kind.
- cities renamed Sharypovo Krasnoyarsk Territory And Soldanesti V Moldavian SSR ;
- Krasnoyarskaya street in the Moscow region was renamed Golyanovo ;
- in 2017, a bust of Chernenko was installed on the Alley of Russian Rulers in Petroverigsky Lane along with other leaders of the Russian and Soviet states.
Already in 1988, in the wake of the perestroika struggle against the legacy of Brezhnev's stagnation, these cities were returned to their historical names, and the street was renamed Khabarovskaya (the name Krasnoyarskaya during this time was given to the neighboring new street).
The initiative to rename the city of Penza and the Penza region, where Konstantin Ustinovich was the secretary of the regional committee for ideology for a short time, was not implemented. However, in Astrakhan And Voronezh Chernenko streets still exist.
Even during Chernenko’s life, in 1982, a bust of him, as a twice Hero of Socialist Labor, was erected in Krasnoyarsk. Although, according to the statute, the bust should have been installed in the hero’s homeland, the village of Bolshaya Tes, in which K.U. was born. Chernenko, at that time it was flooded. Later, it was decided to transfer this bust to the city of Sharypovo, which was renamed Chernenko, however, soon the condemnation of figures from the period of stagnation began, the city was renamed back, and the decision was never implemented. In 1990, by Decree of the President of the USSR, it was planned to move the bust to the village Anash. The bust was dismantled, however, it was not installed in a new place. Only in the early 90s it was restored in the central square of the village Novoselovo, where it remains to this day.
Under Gorbachev, his immediate predecessor, along with Brezhnev, was officially condemned as a figure of the period of stagnation (in contrast to Andropov, who was personally associated with Gorbachev, in whose activities until 1991 official propaganda found positive aspects).
| External images | |
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| Presentation to K.U. Chernenko third Hammer and Sickle medals |
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Awards
Chernenko was one of the 16 three times Heroes of Socialist Labor(1976, 1981 and 1984; besides him, of the members of the Politburo, only three times Heroes of Labor were N. S. Khrushchev And D. A. Kunaev). Moreover, if the first two Stars were dedicated to “round” dates (65 and 70 years), then the last one was awarded “For service and in connection with the 73rd anniversary.” Awarded gold medal named after Karl Marx from USSR Academy of Sciences.
Chernenko came up with a unique mechanism for instantly removing any document from the gigantic archives of the Kremlin and Stalin’s “Special Folder,” for which he received a State Prize. [
Predecessor: |
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov |
Successor: |
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev |
9th Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR |
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Predecessor: |
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Successor: |
Vasily Vasilievich Kuznetsov (acting) |
Education: |
Higher School of Party Organizers under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1945), Chisinau Pedagogical Institute (1953) |
Birth: |
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Ustin Demidovich Chernenko (died in the 1930s) |
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Kharitina Dmitrievna Chernenko (died 1919) |
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1) Faina Vasilievna, |
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Albert (from 1st marriage), Elena, Vera, Vladimir (from 2nd marriage) |
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Autograph: |
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Foreign awards |
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Youth
In the Central Committee of the CPSU
Secretary General
Death and legacy
Film incarnations
(September 11 (24), 1911 - March 10, 1985) - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee from February 13, 1984, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from April 11, 1984 (deputy - since 1966). Member of the CPSU since 1931, member of the CPSU Central Committee since 1971 (candidate since 1966), member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee since 1978 (candidate since 1977).
Parents and family
Father, Ustin Demidovich, moved from Ukraine to the Siberian village of Bolshaya Tes, Novoselovsky district, Krasnoyarsk Territory, at the end of the 19th century. He lived in a spacious house on the banks of a large river. He didn’t want to work on the land; in the hope of quickly getting rich, he went to the waste industry: first to the copper mines, then to the gold mines. His wife, Kharitina Dmitrievna, did the sowing work. Tall, strong, fast, she lifted and threw three-pound bags in her hands. After her death from typhus in 1919, Ustin married a second time. From his first marriage there were two daughters and two sons. The children did not like the stepmother. The village of Bolshaya Tes, where they were born, was later flooded by a new sea during the creation of the Krasnoyarsk reservoir in 1972, and its inhabitants were resettled to Novoselovo.
Chernenko's sister, Valentina Ustinovna, was born a little earlier than Konstantin Ustinovich. She had a strong, authoritative character.
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I also played some role in Chernenko’s nomination. Chernenko worked in Krasnoyarsk. His sister, Valentina Ustinovna, is a smart girl, a little older than Konstantin. She was very friendly with Oleg Borisovich Aristov, who worked as the first secretary of the Krasnoyarsk regional committee. Aristov's wife died, he was a widower. Valentina Ustinovna's husband died at the front. Well, they were dating. Valentina Ustinovna then worked as the head of the organizational department of the Krasnoyarsk city committee of the CPSU. At that time I was secretary in Chita. As a member of the military council of the Transbaikal district, I had an airplane. When I was flying to Moscow, the Siberian secretaries called me: “Capture.” I captured Khvorostukhin in Irkutsk, and Aristov in Krasnoyarsk. And Aristov very often traveled with Valentina Ustinovna. And one day I took this Kostya with me. Aristov sent him to study at the Higher Party School. We met often in Moscow. Aristov was always with Valentina Ustinovna, and Kostya often came into the hotel room. Once, when the conversation in the Central Committee turned to personnel for Moldova, I went ahead and said that Chernenko could provide propaganda issues; he graduated from the Higher Party School. Aristov supported my proposal. Then Constantine was sent to Moldova. There Brezhnev met him. In fact, they say he couldn’t write properly, but he helped Brezhnev compose speeches. Then Brezhnev showed up in Moscow. And Kostya fled from Moldova. Gennady Voronov |
The General Secretary's brother, Nikolai Ustinovich, served in the police in the Tomsk region; I wasn’t in the war. In the early 80s he worked as Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR (oversaw educational institutions). Chernenko's other brother's name was Alexander.
Chernenko's first wife's name was Faina Vasilievna. She was born in the Novoselovsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The marriage did not work out with her, but during this period a son, Albert, was born. Albert Chernenko was the secretary of the Tomsk city committee of the CPSU for ideological work, the rector of the Novosibirsk Higher Party School. He defended his doctoral dissertation “Problems of Historical Causality” while working in the party. In the last years of his life, he was deputy dean of the law faculty of Tomsk State University located in Novosibirsk. Lived in Novosibirsk. He believed that the theory of convergence - the combination of opposites, in particular capitalism and socialism - was closest to him. Albert Konstantinovich Chernenko has two sons: Vladimir and Dmitry.
Second wife - Anna Dmitrievna (nee Lyubimova) was born on September 3, 1913 in the Rostov region.
Graduated from the Saratov Institute of Agricultural Engineering. She was a Komsomol organizer for the course, a member of the faculty bureau, and secretary of the Komsomol committee. In 1944 she married K.U. Chernenko. She protected her sick husband from going hunting with Brezhnev. Anna Dmitrievna was short, with a shy smile. From her marriage there were children: Vladimir, Vera and Elena.
Vladimir Konstantinovich Chernenko was born in Chisinau in 1936, died of heart failure in 2006. His wife Galina Ivanovna. Has a son (born in 1980), named after Kostya’s grandfather. Vladimir’s son graduated from the Ryazan Airborne School, and daughter Olesya is a schoolgirl.
Elena Konstantinovna was born in Penza. Like her father, she graduated from a pedagogical institute. Educators have always tended to adhere to views that emphasize the importance of education, which is understandable since they themselves are, by definition, educators. In 1974, Elena Chernenko defended her PhD thesis in philosophy on the topic: “Methodological problems of social determinism of human biology.” The very title of this work indicates the positions defended by its author. In 1979, E. Chernenko, together with K. E. Tarasov, published a book based on the dissertation materials and entitled “Social Determination of Human Biology”; in this book, referring to the works of the classics of Marxism, the authors defended the point of view of the primacy of the “social” in the formation of human behavior. In the introduction to their book, Tarasov and Chernenko write that their goal was to demonstrate “the social determinacy of human biology and reveal the meaning of its only correct, Marxist solution” (p. 5). It must be said that, in general, the entire book was an attempt to substantiate the conclusion that from the point of view of Marxism, the solution to the problem of the relationship between the social and the biological is seen in emphasizing the role and significance of the “social.” The analysis of this problem undertaken by the authors of the book was very detailed from both a philosophical and a logical point of view, but was based on a very small amount of experimental data. Tarasov and Chernenko identified no less than 60 options for solving the problem of the relationship between the biological and the social, presenting these options and all sorts of modifications in the form of diagrams and drawings. When she got married, her father, who at that time worked as the head of the General Department of the CPSU Central Committee, called M. S. Smirtyukov, the head of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, and asked to provide an apartment for his daughter in the house of the Council of Ministers. “No question,” replied the property manager. According to him, K.U. Chernenko then called for another four months and asked if it was convenient. The same thing happened a few years later, when he asked to give her a larger apartment: “He was a very shy person,” Elena used to say.
Vera, also the daughter of Konstantin Ustinovich and Anna Dmitrievna Chernenko, was born in Penza. She worked in Washington at the Soviet embassy.
Youth
He graduated from a three-year school for rural youth. Basic literacy and political convictions made it possible for him to be appointed head of the propaganda and agitation department of the Komsomol district committee.
In the early 30s, Konstantin Chernenko served in Kazakhstan (49th border detachment of the Khorgos border post, Taldy-Kurgan region), where he commanded a border detachment and participated in the liquidation of Bekmuratov’s gang. While serving in the border troops, he joined the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and was elected secretary of the party organization of the border detachment. In Kazakhstan, as the writer N. Fetisov wrote, the “baptism of fire” of the future secretary general took place. The writer began preparing a book about the service of a young warrior at the Khorgos and Narynkol outposts - “Six Heroic Days”. Fetisov kept trying to clarify details about Chernenko’s specific participation in the liquidation of Bekmuratov’s gang, about the battle in the Chebortal gorge, and the life of the border detachment. He even wrote a letter about this to the Secretary General, asking Konstantin Ustinovich: “An interesting entertainment for the border guards at the Narynkol outpost was to admire the play of the border guards’ favorites - a goat, a dog and a cat. Do you remember this?
In the pre-war years, he was the secretary of the Krasnoyarsk regional party committee.
In 1943-1945, Konstantin Chernenko studied in Moscow, at the Higher School of Party Organizers. I didn’t ask to go to the front. His activities during the war were only awarded with the medal “For Valiant Labor.” For the next three years, Chernenko worked as secretary of the regional committee for ideology in the Penza region, then until 1956 he headed the department of propaganda and agitation in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Moldova. It was here in the early 1950s that Chernenko met Brezhnev, then first secretary. Business communication grew into a friendship that lasted until the end of life. With the help of Brezhnev, Chernenko made a unique party career, going from the base to the top of the pyramid of power, without possessing any noticeable qualities of a leader.
Since 1950, Chernenko's career has been inextricably linked with Brezhnev's career.
In the Central Committee of the CPSU
In 1956, Brezhnev was the secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Chernenko was the assistant to the secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, and then the head. sector in the propaganda department.
In 1960-1964, Brezhnev was Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, from 1964 - First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee (and from 1966 - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee), Chernenko - a candidate member of the CPSU Central Committee.
Since 1977, Brezhnev became Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Chernenko - a candidate member of the Politburo, and since 1978 - a member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. While rewarding himself, Brezhnev did not forget about his comrade-in-arms: in 1976, Brezhnev was awarded the third, and Chernenko - the first Star of the Hero of Socialist Labor; in 1981, Brezhnev got a fifth star on his chest, and Chernenko got a second one.
During the reign of Brezhnev, Chernenko was the head of the general department of the CPSU Central Committee, a large number of documents and entire dossiers on the top of the party and on dissidents of the USSR passed through him; By his very nature, he was inclined to inconspicuous hardware work, but at the same time he was very knowledgeable.
He regularly shared information with Brezhnev and thus had the reputation of "Brezhnev's secretary." For years, Chernenko spent colossal energy, diligence and modest knowledge on an unparalleled bureaucratic career. In clerical work he found his calling. He was in charge of mail addressed to the Secretary General; wrote down preliminary answers. He prepared questions and selected materials for Politburo meetings. Chernenko was aware of everything that was happening in the highest echelon of the party. He could promptly tell Brezhnev about someone’s upcoming anniversary or about the next award.
While for Brezhnev the daily routine work with numerous documents was more than burdensome, for Chernenko it was a pleasure. Often decisions came from Konstantin Ustinovich, but were announced on behalf of the Secretary General. Over the years of working together, he never let Brezhnev down, did not cause his displeasure, much less irritation for any reason. I never objected to him.
But it was not only Chernenko’s diligence and punctuality that impressed Brezhnev. Konstantin Ustinovich skillfully flattered him and always found a reason for admiration and praise. Over time, he became indispensable for Brezhnev. And I felt very comfortable in the supporting roles. Suffering from bronchial asthma, Chernenko got out of bed at Brezhnev’s first suggestion to go hunting. The invitation to hunt in Zavidovo was a sign of special trust of the Secretary General. Chernenko did not like hunting and caught a cold every time there.
Brezhnev especially appreciated all these qualities in Chernenko. He generously rewarded Konstantin Ustinovich, promoted him up the party ladder, and completely trusted him. He met with him more often than with other members of the Politburo of the Party Central Committee, sometimes several times a day.
Twice Konstantin Ustinovich accompanied Brezhnev on trips abroad: in 1975 - to Helsinki, where the International Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe took place, and in 1979 - to negotiations in Vienna on disarmament issues.
Chernenko became Brezhnev's shadow, his closest adviser. Since the late 1970s, Chernenko began to be considered one of Brezhnev's possible successors, associated with conservative forces in his circle. By the time of Brezhnev’s death in 1982, he was considered (by both Western political scientists and high-ranking party members) one of two, along with Andropov, contenders for full power; Andropov won. After the death of Brezhnev, the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee recommended Chernenko to propose to the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee the candidacy of Andropov for the post of General Secretary. He did this on November 12, 1982 at the end of his speech at the Plenum (most of which was devoted to characterizing Brezhnev), emphasizing, at the same time, the need for collective leadership; After this, Andropov was unanimously elected Secretary General.
In February 1982, the Politburo approved the awarding of the Lenin and State Prizes for “The History of Foreign Policy of the USSR, 1917-1980.” in two volumes, as well as for a multi-volume volume on international conferences during the Second World War. Among the laureates awarded the Lenin Prize was Chernenko, who did not participate in any way in the creation of these scientific works. But the Lenin laureate was considered very prestigious, and Konstantin Ustinovich received it, as well as the third title of Hero, on his seventy-third birthday.
The sudden illness and death of Andropov and difficulties regarding the outcome of further internal party struggle made Chernenko, almost inevitably, the new head of the party and state. When 73-year-old Chernenko received the highest position in the Soviet state, he no longer had either the physical or spiritual strength to lead the country.
Secretary General
On February 13, 1984, K. U. Chernenko was unanimously elected General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. A man came to power in a huge power who had never worked anywhere on his own. By this time, 72-year-old Chernenko was already very seriously ill and was seen as an intermediate figure. He was seriously poisoned in August 1983, and therefore spent a significant part of his reign in the Central Clinical Hospital, where sometimes even meetings of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee were held. In the hospital (shortly before his death) he was given a certificate of election as a people's deputy of the RSFSR; this ceremony was shown on all-Union television.
During Chernenko's reign, several unsuccessful projects were undertaken: school reform, turning of the northern rivers, strengthening the role of trade unions. Under him, the Day of Knowledge was officially introduced as a holiday (September 1, 1984). In June 1983, Chernenko gave a keynote speech “Current issues of ideological and mass political work of the party.” In it, in particular, Konstantin Ustinovich criticized amateur pop groups with the repertoire “ of dubious quality", which " cause ideological and aesthetic damage" This report was the beginning of a large-scale struggle against independent music performers in 1983-84, mainly against Russian rock performers. Performing at apartment buildings and similar amateur concerts was equated to illegal business activity, violating the monopoly of the Rosconcert company, and was threatened with imprisonment.
Under Chernenko, post-Brezhnev and post-Maoist détente began in relations with the PRC, but relations with the United States remained extremely tense; in 1984, the USSR, in response to the boycott of the Moscow Olympics by the United States and its allies, boycotted the Los Angeles Olympics. During this period, the USSR was visited for the first time by the head of the Spanish state, King Juan Carlos I. Under Chernenko, there were no significant changes in the composition of the Politburo and the Council of Ministers.
Being Brezhnev's "right hand", he tirelessly revered him. When Konstantin Ustinovich himself became Secretary General, he needed something similar in his address. He demanded from his subordinates that they report to him about responses to his conversations, meetings, speeches, and read reviews about himself. As a rule, enthusiastic reviews of the Secretary General were drawn from the Soviet press and the press of socialist countries. It was more difficult to find anything positive about him in Western publications.
Many active investigations and repressions against various kinds of corrupt officials of the Brezhnev era, begun under Andropov, were partially suspended under Chernenko. Cases that did not develop were put on hold. So, for example, the Uzbek case actually stopped; the investigation against Nikolai Shchelokov was suspended, which was soon continued. The investigation into the “diamond case” was stopped and Galina Brezhneva’s house arrest was lifted. However, some high-profile cases continued. So, already under Chernenko, the former head of the Eliseevsky store Sokolov was shot, after the resumption of the investigation, the former Minister of Internal Affairs N.A. Shchelokov committed suicide.
At the suggestion of Richard Kosolapov, the Secretary General reinstated 94-year-old V. M. Molotov to the CPSU; Molotov, being 21 years older than Chernenko, also outlived him, dying at the age of 96. The decision to rehabilitate and reinstate Molotov in the party was personally announced by the Secretary General. Two days before his death, Chernenko, supported by Grishin, suddenly appeared on television and with difficulty uttered several welcoming phrases.
Death and legacy
Konstantin Ustinovich died after a year and twenty-five days of reign and became the last person buried at the Kremlin wall. Chernenko’s death ended a five-year period during which a significant part of Brezhnev’s Politburo passed away (“the era of magnificent funerals”). He turned out to be the oldest Soviet leader ever to receive the post of General Secretary. The very next day, Mikhail Gorbachev, a representative of the next generation of the Politburo, was elected his successor in this post; however, the permanent Minister of Foreign Affairs, Andrei Gromyko, who was even older than Chernenko, was appointed Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council, contrary to the eight-year tradition of combining these posts.
Chernenko’s memory, according to an established ritual, was immortalized, but this, again, was the last such case. The town of Sharypovo and Krasnoyarskaya Street in the Moscow district of Golyanovo were briefly named in honor of Chernenko; Already in 1988, the city returned its historical name, and the street was renamed Khabarovskaya (during this time, the neighboring new street managed to get the name “Krasnoyarskaya”). The initiative to rename the city of Chernenko and the Chernenkovsky region to the city of Penza and the Penza region, where Konstantin Ustinovich was the secretary of the regional committee for ideology for a short time, was not implemented at all. Under Gorbachev, his immediate predecessor, along with Brezhnev, was officially condemned as a figure of the period of stagnation (in contrast to Andropov, who was personally associated with Gorbachev, in whose activities until 1991 official propaganda found positive aspects).
Chernenko was one of 16 three times Heroes of Socialist Labor (1976, 1981 and 1984; besides him, of the members of the Politburo, only N. S. Khrushchev and D. A. Kunaev were three times Heroes of Labor). Awarded the Karl Marx gold medal from the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Chernenko came up with a unique mechanism for instantly removing any document from the gigantic archives of the Kremlin and Stalin’s “Special Folder,” for which he received a State Prize.
Film incarnations
- TV series “Red Square” (2004, actor Yuri Sarantsev).
- TV series “Brezhnev” (2005, actor Afanasy Kochetkov).
Contemporaries, descendants and historians about Konstantin Chernenko
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The Sverdlovsk hall was already almost full... The provincial elite was already all here. And everything was as usual: they kissed passionately, greeted each other loudly through the rows, shared “news” about the snow, about the prospects for the harvest, in a word, there was “party talk” between their own people, who felt like masters of life. In this discord, I never heard Andropov’s name or talk about his death... At about twenty minutes to eleven the hall fell silent. The waiting began. With every minute the tension grew, the atmosphere seemed to be filled with electricity... The tension reached its climax. All eyes are directed towards the left door behind the stage, where the exit to the presidium is: who is first?! At exactly 11 o'clock Chernenko's head appeared in the doorway. Behind him are Tikhonov, Gromyko, Ustinov, Gorbachev and others. The audience reacted with silence... - A. S. Chernyaev, assistant to M. S. Gorbachev (about the atmosphere of the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, held in the Kremlin in February 1984 regarding the election of Chernenko) |